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Gladiator tomb discovered by archeologists Archeologists have unearthed the tomb of a Roman general thought to have inspired the character played by Russell Crowe in the film 'Gladiator'. By Nick Squires in Rome Last Updated: 3:32PM BST 17 Oct 2008 The 1,800-year-old stone mausoleum on the banks of the River Tiber was hailed by experts as an "extraordinary discovery" and one of the most important Roman finds for decades. It was built to contain the remains of Marcus Nonius Macrinus, a proconsul and a favourite of Marcus Aurelius, who ruled as emperor from 161 AD to his death in 180 AD. Macrinus was born in Brescia, in northern Italy, and won victories leading Roman legions into battle. He became a confidant of Emperor Aurelius, being appointed a proconsul in Asia Minor and describing himself as "chosen out of the closest friends". Elements of his life were incorporated into Maximus Decimus Meridius, the fictional character for which Crowe won an Oscar in the 2000 film Gladiator, directed by Ridley Scott. In the award-winning film, Maximus is a battle-hardened general and a protégé of the emperor, just as Marcus Nonius Macrinus was. The intricately carved marble tomb, complete with a stone inscription identifying it as that of Macrinus, was found near the Via Flaminia, one of the arterial roads which led in and out of ancient Rome. The jumble of broken columns, friezes and stone blocks was discovered during the demolition of a warehouse, along with remarkably intact parts of the original Roman road. "It's been at least 20 or 30 years since a relic of this importance has come to light in Rome," said a senior archeologist, Daniela Rossi. Over the centuries parts of the tomb crumbled into the Tiber but enough has been recovered during months of painstaking excavation work that experts are discussing the possibility of reconstructing it as the focus of an archeological park. In the award-winning film, Emperor Marcus Aurelius, played by Richard Harris, is murdered by his ruthless son Commodus, who declares himself emperor and sets about destroying Maximus, ordering the murder of his wife and child. Slave traders take the shattered Maximus to North Africa, where he is sold to a gladiator school and trained as a fighter. Returning to Rome seeking revenge, he eventually kills Commodus in a bloody showdown in the Colosseum, which was famous for its gladiatorial contests. The film's scriptwriters also based the character of Maximus on Spartacus, who led a slave revolt against Rome in the 1st century BC, and Narcissus, a wrestler who brought Commodus' reign as emperor to an abrupt end by strangling him. Commodus is believed to have been the only Roman emperor to have taken part in gladiatorial contests. Last year archeologists in Rome found a mosaic which they believe depicts a favourite sparring partner of the emperor, named Montanus. The mosaic shows the gladiator holding a trident over a prone opponent who he has apparently defeated in hand-to-hand combat.
Raxa Rubra: i dettagli e le foto dell’eccezionale ritrovamento archeologico di via FlaminiaCome accennato ieri, il nostro Rodolfo Bosi ha partecipato alla conferenza stampa sulla presentazione della straordinario ritrovamento archeologico di via Vitorchiano nei pressi di via Flaminia. Ecco il suo resoconto: Alla presenza di un folto stuolo di giornalisti e di addetti ai lavori, soprattutto delle Soprintendenze interessate, giovedì 16 ottobre 2008 si è svolta la conferenza stampa nel corso della quale l’On. Francesco Maria Giro, sottosegretario di Stato per i Beni e le Attività Culturali, ed Angelo Bottini, soprintendente per i beni archeologici di Roma hanno presentato gli ultimi 4 importanti ritrovamenti archeologici avvenuti a Roma e precisamente nel Palatino, presso lo stadio Flaminio, nella zona di Castel di Guido (via Aurelia) e sulla via Flaminia (via Vitorchiano): questi ultimi, sono stati illustrati da Daniela Rossi, che ha seguito i saggi di scavo iniziati nel 2007. La genesi degli scavi sull’area di via Vitorchiano è dovuta all’Accordo di Programma per cambio di destinazione d’uso del complesso immobiliare via Flaminia Km. 8,500 proposto dalla S.p.A. “Villa Immobiliare 89″, società di costruzione del gruppo Bonifaci: i suoi contenuti in Variante del nuovo P.R.G. di Roma sono stati approvati dal Consiglio Comunale con deliberazione n. 49 del 20 febbraio 2006, quando si stava ancora discutendo delle controdeduzioni alle osservazioni presentate da cittadini ed associazioni: in data 27 marzo 2007 è stato sottoscritto dal Presidente della Giunta Regionale del Lazio e dal Sindaco di Roma l’Accordo di Programma, che è stato poi ratificato dal Consiglio Comunale con deliberazione n. 62 del 23 aprile 2007. L’accordo ha consentito: - di trasformare in totalmente residenziali le volumetrie dapprima previste per un albergo da 1.000 posti letto (poi arrotondate a 100.000 mc.) su un edificio situato tra via Flaminia Nuova e la collina dei Saxa Rubra, che è stato già demolito e ricostruito;
- di realizzare ex novo 76.115 mc. in terreni di proprietà del proponente nell’ambito del Piano di lottizzazione convenzionato Acqua Acetosa Ostiense;
- di realizzare ex novo ulteriori 20.000 mc. sul fronte opposto della via Flaminia Nuova, in un’area di complessivi 24.580 ma. lungo via Vitorchiano di proprietà del gruppo Bonifaci (vedi il sottostante fotomontaggio del luglio 2003) .
Per ottenere di costruire tutte le suddette volumetrie, la S.p.A. “Villa Immobiliare 89” si è dichiarata disposta a realizzare la sede del XX° Municipio su un’area di ca. 12.695 mq. antistante l’edificio inizialmente destinato ad albergo.
Dal momento che l’area di mq. 24.580 ricompresa tra via Vitorchiano il rilevato della pista ciclabile e la ferrovia Roma-Civitacastellana, su cui la “Immobiliare 89” vorrebbe realizzare 3 fabbricati residenziali di 4 piani per 20.000 mc. complessivi, è interessata dal presumibile tracciato della antica via Flaminia, segnalata da molte fonti antiche, nel 2007 - subito dopo la ratifica dell’Accordo di Programma - sono iniziate delle indagini archeologiche preventive: le operazioni di scavo e restauro sono state finanziate dallo stesso gruppo Bonifaci. Nel 2007 è stato riportato alla luce un tratto basolato dell’antico tracciato della via Flaminia attestato ad una quota di 7 metri più bassa dell’attuale piano di calpestio.
Questa depressione in antico deve aver provocato frequenti ed abbondanti episodi di allagamento quando le esondazioni del vicino fiume Tevere ricoprivano la via Flaminia ed i monumenti che si affiancavano lungo di essa: non a caso infatti nel 1500 la viabilità è stata spostata più ad ovest, oltre la Flaminia attuale, subito sotto le rupi tufacee dei Saxa Rubra, chiamate Monte delle Grotte sul fronte opposto proprio a via Vitorchiano. Nell’ultimo mese di quest’anno, in seguito alla demolizione di parte dei manufatti industriali fatiscenti presenti sull’area, sono venuti alla luce accanto al tracciato della via Flaminia i resti di un grandioso monumento funebre, che si ritiene che si trovino ancora in condizione di giacitura quasi primaria a seguito del crollo e che siano stati sigillati (e quindi ancora perfettamente conservati) nei limi da una particolare piena del fiume.
Così come riportato nella scheda distribuita a tutti i partecipanti alla conferenza stampa, lo spettacolo del rinvenimento risulta particolarmente sensazionale in quanto i grandi blocchi marmorei pertinenti a colonne, capitelli, timpani, lastre decorate ed iscrizioni sono venute alla luce in gruppi monumentali scomposti, ma di facile connessione con un sorprendente effetto scenografico da stampa settecentesca. Sensazionali sono anche i dati desunti dall’epigrafe dedicatoria messa in luce che consentono di identificare il mausoleo come appartenente ad un importante personaggio storico, quale è stato Marco Nonio Macrino, prestigioso esponente di una delle più famose famiglie bresciane del II° secolo d.C. che svolse parte della sua luminosissima carriera sotto Antonino Pio, concludendola poi con Marco Aurelio, di cui fu compagno nella guerra contro i Quadi ed i Marcomanni.
Nel corso della sua illustrazione, la dott.ssa Daniela Rossi ha fatto sapere che proprio il giorno prima della conferenza stampa è stato fatto un ultimo rinvenimento stavolta sul lato opposto dell’antico tracciato della via Flaminia. Quando saranno finiti tutti i saggi di scavo, ai sensi del 1° comma dell’art. 14 del “Codice dei Beni Culturali e del Paesaggio”, emanato con D. Lgs. n. 42/2004, la Soprintendenza dovrà avviare il procedimento di vincolo per la dichiarazione dell’interesse culturale, dandone comunicazione al gruppo Bonifaci. Il provvedimento di imposizione del vincolo (“dichiarazione dell’interesse culturale”) sarà adottato dal Ministero per i Beni e le Attività Culturali: ci sarà da vedere se tra vincolo diretto e vincolo indiretto (quest’ultimo finalizzato ad assicurare una fascia di rispetto dei beni vincolati) il gruppo Bonifaci potrà ancora edificare una parte o tutti i 20.000 mc. (inizialmente previsti) sull’area rimanente che non sarà stata fatta oggetto di alcun vincolo.
Il sottosegretario On. Giro ha fatto riferimento al D.L. n. 112, poi convertito nella legge n. 133, da lui definito assolutamente dovuto per risanare i conti dello Stato, che ha comportato però tagli anche abbastanza cospicui anche per il Ministero per i Beni e le Attività Culturali (- 15,7 %) e che costringono ad essere “razionali”: ha fatto sapere che per il 2009 il Ministero ha in dotazione 1.718.607.326 € complessivi (comprensivi di stipendi, spese fisse ecc.) e che a fronte di questa scarsa disponibilità si sta tentando di “rimodulare” gli interventi secondo le rispettive priorità. Il sottoscritto, Rodolfo Bosi, che ha partecipato alla conferenza stampa per conto di Vejo.it, si è unito alle domande degli altri giornalisti e, dopo aver fatto presente che il ritrovamento di via Vitorchiano va ad arricchire il già ricco patrimonio archeologico della via Flaminia, di cui l’allora funzionario della Soprintendenza Archeologica di Roma dott. Gaetano Messineo aveva redatto assieme all’arch. Maria Gloria Leonetti una proposta di sistemazione e valorizzazione del parco archeologico dell’intera via Flaminia da Ponte Milvio a Malborghetto (che se realizzato farebbe concorrenza al parco dell’Appia Antica), ha ricordato che nel 1991 la proposta era stata approvata fra i progetti di Roma Capitale con tanto di finanziamento, che non è stato poi mai erogato: ha quindi chiesto se, pur nell’ambito delle poche disponibilità economiche messe a disposizione del Ministero, ci fosse la possibilità di riesumare e mandare in attuazione quel progetto, sfruttando al limite le eventuali risorse che verrebbero messe a disposizione di Roma Capitale nell’ambito delle legge di riforma in senso federalista, oltre che quelle ulteriori risorse che potrebbero essere erogate dalla Regione Lazio. Senza sbilanciarsi né in un senso né nell’altro, il sottosegretario Giro ha risposto con un laconico “mai dire mai“, per specificare subito dopo che bisogna avere al riguardo le idee chiare e scegliere in base alle priorità, cercando comunque di non perdere il finanziamento del 1991. Speriamo bene. 1) Photo 
2) Links http://www.posta.si/Namizje.aspx?tabid=700&artikelid=9033 3) Name Archeological Finds – The Oldest Flute 4) Informations Date of issue: 23/11/2007 Design: | Tamara Korošec (Znanstvenoraziskovalni center SAZU, Inštitut za arheologijo) | | Motif: | Bone Flute from Divje Babe Cave | | Printed by: | Oriental Press, Bahrain | | Printing technique: | 4-colour offset | | Sheet: | miniature sheets of 1 stamp | | Paper: | GSM 102 g/m2 |
5) Description The Oldest Flute In 1995, the excavations of the archaeologists of the Scientific Research Centre of the Slovene Academy of Sciences and Arts (SRC SASA) unearthed a perforated thigh bone (femur) of a juvenile cave bear (Ursus spelaeus) from the cave bear bone accumulations of the Divje Babe I Cave Site situated over the hamlet of Reka in western Slovenia. The artefact discovered was later recognised as possibly the oldest flute in the world, dating back to the middle of the last Ice Age, which began 115,000 years ago and ended with a long-lasting warming 10,000 years ago. Slovene and American scientists determined its age by analysing the succession of cave sediment layers containing other artefacts from that period and climate records, and by using the Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) dating. The sediment layer housing the bone flute was thus estimated at about 55,000 years. The last Glaciation was the age of Neanderthal man. Until the arrival of modern humans 45,000 years ago, Neanderthals were the only human occupants of Europe, which means that the flute could only be produced by them. This sheds new light on Neanderthals and their cultural capacity, bringing them closer to our direct ancestors - fully modern humans - who manufactured and used similar bone flutes after their arrival to Europe. While the capacity of modern humans to manufacture musical instruments is an uncontested fact, many doubt that the Neanderthal man possessed the same ability. This is the reason why the Slovene archaeological find, which is 10,000 years older than the oldest uncontested bone flute, unleashed a long national and international debate among scholars, shaking the very foundations of some of the common perceptions of the Neanderthal man. The status of the artefact as a flute became disputable. Doubts were voiced about the explanation of the artificial (human-made) origin of the holes. It was suggested that they are more likely to be the result of natural causes, in particular bites from ancient carnivores rather than Neanderthal construction, which is a complete nonsense in this case. Still, no matter how we interpret this unexpected find, which is admittedly unique both in time and place, it is the fact that it is truly the oldest of its kind, and the possibility that the find could be the flute cannot be ruled out based on the current evidence. Ivan TURK, Institute of Archaelogy, SRC SASA, Ljubljana March 23, 2008 - Posted by Giuseppe Buono | 2) Prehistoric animals, 4) Hominids and Prehistoric artifacts, A) Stamps 2006-08, D) Postmark & Postal cards | 2007, Archeology, fdc, Hominids, postmark, prehistoric artifacts, Prehistory, Slovenia, stamps | 2 Comments _________________ COMMENT: The find is remarkable, but is it true that ONLY Neatherthals existed in Europe 45,000 years ago??? / There is evidence to the contrary.
An illustrated history of chess pieces: http://history.chess.free.fr/findings.htm
Rare Pompeii dinner set unveiled | By David Willey BBC News, Rome |

The silverware was perfectly preserved by volcanic ash and mud | A set of ancient silverware has been dug up from Pompeii, the Roman city destroyed by a volcano 2,000 years ago. The hand-crafted goblets, plates and trays had been bundled into a wicker basket by an inhabitant fleeing the erupting Mount Vesuvius in AD 79. The tableware, well preserved in ash and mud, was discovered five years ago and archaeologists have used the latest techniques to separate 20 pieces. Experts say it is the most important find of this kind for 70 years. Thousands of inhabitants of Pompeii gathered up what few possessions they hoped to save and tried to escape from the firestorm and the clouds of volcanic ash and mud which descended upon their city. Pietro Giovanni Guzzo, in charge of the excavations at the world's first scientifically excavated archaeological site, told a news conference that the remains of up to 2,000 citizens of Pompeii out of a population of 10,000 to 15,000, trapped by the eruption have so far been recovered. "But no-one knows exactly how many managed to escape," he said. Silverware stashed One man bundled his family silverware into a wicker basket and ran for his life. He hid the basket in a stairwell in some public baths on the outskirts of the city before being overcome by fumes. Archaeologists checking on the building of a new motorway near Pompeii dug it up, next to the man's skeleton. The wicker basket and its contents were congealed into a solid block. The set is the most important find of this sort in more than 70 years | Working with the latest archaeological techniques, including x-ray, experts have managed to separate the silverware, remove the heavy encrustations of the eruption and salvage them. The remains of the basket are currently being treated with chemicals to preserve the vegetable fibre and are also expected to be put on show eventually. The solid silver plates and goblets - all beautifully polished - were brought to Rome under heavy security guard for a private viewing. Together they weigh more than 4kg (9lbs). I saw two exquisitely engraved wine cups, a set of small dishes, a large serving plate with an elaborately chased border, a spoon, plus some tiny, finely worked silver trays for appetisers. Two other similar and larger hoards of table silver excavated in Pompeii during the 19th and 20th Centuries are on show in the Louvre museum in Paris and at the National Archaeological Museum in Naples. But no new treasure trove of this quality from Pompeii has been seen for more than 70 years. It will be put on show at the Naples museum during 2006. |
Pompeii pottery may rewrite historyHeather Catchpole ABC Science Online
| Monday, 8 November 2004
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 | A broken plate is one of the pieces in the puzzle of how ancient cultures traded (Image: Jaye Pont) |
Archaeologists may need to change their view of Pompeii's role in trade and commerce, after a ceramics expert's recent discovery. Australian researcher Jaye Pont from the Museum of Ancient Cultures at Sydney's Macquarie University says people who lived in Pompeii bought their pottery locally and didn't import it. Pont said the find could "make waves" among archaeologists looking at trade in the Mediterranean. And she said researchers may have to rethink shelves of museum pottery once thought to be from the eastern Roman Empire. Pont looked at a particular type of red pottery from a city block in Pompeii that had been buried beneath rubble from the Mount Vesuvius eruption in 79 AD. The city block had been inhabited since the 4th century BC. And an international group of researchers, known as the Anglo American Project in Pompeii, found thousands of samples of red slip pottery there. This type of pottery was made by dipping a partly dried plate or bowl into a water-and-clay mix called slip. The vessel would then be fired to give it a red, shiny colour. Previously, archaeologists had thought much of this pottery was imported from the eastern Roman Empire based at Constantinople, with the rest coming from northern Italy and Gallic France. But Pont, who is doing her PhD on the pottery and is a potter, has found that all the "imported" pottery was local. Who did Pompeii trade with?Pont said her research would "turn upside down" old notions of commerce and trade between Pompeii and the eastern Roman Empire. Inhabitants of Pompeii and other areas such as northern Africa, where the pottery is also found, were thought to have traded extensively with the eastern Roman Empire. "The fact that I have not found one piece that has been imported I think will have quite large implications for trade and commerce in that area," Pont told ABC Science Online.  | A red slip bowl (Image: Jennifer Stephens, Anglo American Project in Pompeii) |
Pont and Macquarie University geologist Dr Patrick Conaghan examined 200 thin sections of the pottery under a microscope and looked at tiny flecks in the clay. The flecks, which contained the mineral leucite, were identical in composition and unique to the Bay of Naples region, where Mount Vesuvius is found. Most scientific analysis has been done chemically but not through thin section analysis, Pont said. But she said thin section analysis was "very clear cut": either the pottery is from the area or it isn't. Pont said archaeologists made the mistake of thinking the pottery was imported because there was a lot of variation in the colour and quality of the local pottery compared to the pottery from northern Italy. And archaeologists had based their classification of the pottery on these variations, she said. "As a potter, perhaps I could see things archaeologists couldn't," said Pont. "In general archaeologists don't understand how [pottery] is made. They can't identify manufacturing techniques within a vessel." She said archaeologists rely a lot on colour to differentiate vessels. "I could understand that even in one kiln, what you get at the top and at the bottom of the kiln can be very different in colour." Pottery is also classified by form, yet pottery "isn't an exact science", said Pont. "But whole assemblages have been grouped by rim shape ... When I looked at [the pottery] I couldn't see the difference. It turns out there wasn't a difference." She said the red slip pottery, known as terra sigillata, was also differentiated on the condition of the slip that coloured the vessel. "It is read as gospel that eastern sigillata didn't have a slip that worked well. But if you have a potter with greasy fingers, that slip will peel off," she said. Pont said although she has only excavated one city block, the fact that she was yet to find one piece that has been imported could make archaeologists reconsider shelves of museum pottery.
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